Everything about Buchnera Proteobacteria totally explained
Buchnera aphidicola a member of the
Proteobacteria, is the primary
endosymbiont of
aphids (A. pisum). It is believed that
Buchnera was once a free living
gram negative ancestor similar to a modern
Enterobacteriaceae such as
Escherichia coli.
Buchnera are 3 µm in diameter and have some of the key characteristics of their Enterobacteriaceae relatives such as a gram-negative cell wall. However, unlike most other gram-negative bacteria,
Buchnera lack the genes to produce
lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for their outer membrane. The long association with aphids and the limitation of
crossover events due to strictly vertical transmission has seen the deletion of genes required for
anaerobic respiration, the synthesis of
amino-sugars,
fatty acids,
phospholipids, and complex
carbohydrates. This has resulted not only in one of the smallest known
genomes of any living organism, it's also one of the most genetically stable.
The symbiotic relationship with aphids began between 200 million and 150 million years ago, and has persisted through maternal transmission and
co-speciation. Aphids have developed
bacteriocyte cells to house Buchnera. It is estimated that a mature
aphid may carry 5.6 × 10
6 Buchnera individuals. Buchnera have lost regulatory factors allowing continuous overproduction of
tryptophan and other
amino acids. Each bacteriocyte contains multiple
vesicles,
symbiosomes derived from the
plasma membrane.
Buchnera was first named by Paul Baumann and his graduate student, and the first molecular characterization of a symbiotic bacterium was carried out by Baumann, using Buchnera. The initial studies on Buchnera later led to studies on symbionts of many groups of insects, pursued by numerous investigators, including Paul and Linda Baumann, Nancy Moran, Serap Aksoy, Roy Gross, who together investigated symbionts of aphids, tsetse flies, ants, leafhoppers, mealybugs, whiteflies, psyllids and others.
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